Leading and trailing zeroes are prohibited subject to the following: number representations must be normalized such that there is a single digit which is non-zero to the left of the decimal point and at least a single digit to the right of the decimal point unless the value being represented is zero. The canonical representation for zero is 0. float has the following · constraining facets · :.

In addition to the basic · value space · described above, the · value space · of double also contains the following three special values : positive and negative infinity and not-a-number NaN.

A literal in the · lexical space · representing a decimal number d maps to the normalized value in the · value space · of double that is closest to d ; if d is exactly halfway between two such values then the even value is chosen. This is the best approximation of d [Clinger, WD ] , [Gay, DM ] , which is more accurate than the mapping required by [IEEE ].

double values have a lexical representation consisting of a mantissa followed, optionally, by the character "E" or "e", followed by an exponent. The canonical representation for double is defined by prohibiting certain options from the Lexical representation §3.

double has the following · constraining facets · :. The · value space · of duration is a six-dimensional space where the coordinates designate the Gregorian year, month, day, hour, minute, and second components defined in § 5.

These components are ordered in their significance by their order of appearance i. as year, month, day, hour, minute, and second. The number of seconds can include decimal digits to arbitrary precision. The values of the Year, Month, Day, Hour and Minutes components are not restricted but allow an arbitrary unsigned integer, i. Similarly, the value of the Seconds component allows an arbitrary unsigned decimal. Following [ISO ] , at least one digit must follow the decimal point if it appears.

Thus, the lexical representation of duration does not follow the alternative format of § 5. An optional preceding minus sign '-' is allowed, to indicate a negative duration. If the sign is omitted a positive duration is indicated. See also ISO Date and Time Formats §D. For example, to indicate a duration of 1 year, 2 months, 3 days, 10 hours, and 30 minutes, one would write: P1Y2M3DT10H30M.

One could also indicate a duration of minus days as: -PD. Reduced precision and truncated representations of this format are allowed provided they conform to the following:. For example, PY, PM and P1Y2MT2H are all allowed; P0YM and P0YM0D are allowed. PM is not allowed although -PM is allowed. P1Y2MT is not allowed. In general, the · order-relation · on duration is a partial order since there is no determinate relationship between certain durations such as one month P1M and 30 days P30D.

These values for s cause the greatest deviations in the addition of dateTimes and durations. Addition of durations to time instants is defined in Adding durations to dateTimes §E.

The following table shows the strongest relationship that can be determined between example durations. Note that because of leap-seconds, a seconds field can vary from 59 to However, because of the way that addition is defined in Adding durations to dateTimes §E , they are still totally ordered. Implementations are free to optimize the computation of the ordering relationship.

For example, the following table can be used to compare durations of a small number of months against days. In comparing duration values with minInclusive , minExclusive , maxInclusive and maxExclusive facet values indeterminate comparisons should be considered as "false".

Certain derived datatypes of durations can be guaranteed have a total order. For this, they must have fields from only one row in the list below and the time zone must either be required or prohibited. For example, a datatype could be defined to correspond to the [SQL] datatype Year-Month interval that required a four digit year field and a two digit month field but required all other fields to be unspecified.

This datatype could be defined as below and would have a total order. duration has the following · constraining facets · :. Each such object also has one decimal-valued method or computed property, timeOnTimeline, whose value is always a decimal number; the values are dimensioned in seconds, the integer 0 is T and the value of timeOnTimeline for other dateTime values is computed using the Gregorian algorithm as modified for leap-seconds.

The timeOnTimeline values form two related "timelines", one for timezoned values and one for non-timezoned values. Each timeline is a copy of the · value space · of decimal , with integers given units of seconds. The · value space · of dateTime is closely related to the dates and times described in ISO For clarity, the text above specifies a particular origin point for the timeline. It should be noted, however, that schema processors need not expose the timeOnTimeline value to schema users, and there is no requirement that a timeline-based implementation use the particular origin described here in its internal representation.

Other interpretations of the · value space · which lead to the same results i. All timezoned times are Coordinated Universal Time UTC, sometimes called "Greenwich Mean Time". Other timezones indicated in lexical representations are converted to UTC during conversion of literals to values.

The value of each numeric-valued property other than timeOnTimeline is limited to the maximum value within the interval determined by the next-higher property. For example, the day value can never be 32, and cannot even be 29 for month 02 and year February The · lexical space · of dateTime consists of finite-length sequences of characters of the form: '-'? yyyy '-' mm '-' dd 'T' hh ':' mm ':' ss '. For example, T noon on 10 October , Central Daylight Savings Time as well as Eastern Standard Time in the U.

is TZ, five hours later than TZ. For further guidance on arithmetic with dateTime s and durations, see Adding durations to dateTimes §E. Except for trailing fractional zero digits in the seconds representation, '' time representations, and timezone for timezoned values , the mapping from literals to values is one-to-one. Where there is more than one possible representation, the canonical representation is as follows:.

Timezones are durations with integer-valued hour and minute properties with the hour magnitude limited to at most 14, and the minute magnitude limited to at most 59, except that if the hour magnitude is 14, the minute value must be 0 ; they may be both positive or both negative.

When a timezone is added to a UTC dateTime , the result is the date and time "in that timezone". dateTime value objects on either timeline are totally ordered by their timeOnTimeline values; between the two timelines, dateTime value objects are ordered by their timeOnTimeline values when their timeOnTimeline values differ by more than fourteen hours, with those whose difference is a duration of 14 hours or less being · incomparable ·.

In general, the · order-relation · on dateTime is a partial order since there is no determinate relationship between certain instants. For example, there is no determinate ordering between a T and b T Z. It is, however, possible for this range to expand or contract in the future, based on local laws. The following definition uses the notation S[year] to represent the year field of S, S[month] to represent the month field, and so on. This is a logical explanation of the process. Actual implementations are free to optimize as long as they produce the same results.

Normalize P and Q. That is, if there is a timezone present, but it is not Z, convert it to Z using the addition operation defined in Adding durations to dateTimes §E. If P and Q either both have a time zone or both do not have a time zone, compare P and Q field by field from the year field down to the second field, and return a result as soon as it can be determined. That is:. Certain derived types from dateTime can be guaranteed have a total order. To do so, they must require that a specific set of fields are always specified, and that remaining fields if any are always unspecified.

For example, the date datatype without time zone is defined to contain exactly year, month, and day. Thus dates without time zone have a total order among themselves. dateTime has the following · constraining facets · :. The · value space · of time is the space of time of day values as defined in § 5. Specifically, it is a set of zero-duration daily time instances. Since the lexical representation allows an optional time zone indicator, time values are partially ordered because it may not be able to determine the order of two values one of which has a time zone and the other does not.

The order relation on time values is the Order relation on dateTime §3. See also Adding durations to dateTimes §E. Pairs of time values with or without time zone indicators are totally ordered. The lexical representation for time is the left truncated lexical representation for dateTime : hh:mm:ss. sss with optional following time zone indicator.

For example, to indicate pm for Eastern Standard Time which is 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time UTC , one would write: The canonical representation for time is defined by prohibiting certain options from the Lexical representation §3. Specifically, either the time zone must be omitted or, if present, the time zone must be Coordinated Universal Time UTC indicated by a "Z".

Additionally, the canonical representation for midnight is time has the following · constraining facets · :. For nontimezoned values, the top-open intervals disjointly cover the nontimezoned timeline, one per day. For timezoned values, the intervals begin at every minute and therefore overlap. A "date object" is an object with year, month, and day properties just like those of dateTime objects, plus an optional timezone-valued timezone property.

As with values of dateTime timezones are a special case of durations. Just as a dateTime object corresponds to a point on one of the timelines, a date object corresponds to an interval on one of the two timelines as just described. Timezoned date values track the starting moment of their day, as determined by their timezone; said timezone is generally recoverable for canonical representations. This "timezone normalization" which follows automatically from the definition of the date · value space · is explained more in Lexical representation §3.

For the following discussion, let the "date portion" of a dateTime or date object be an object similar to a dateTime or date object, with similar year, month, and day properties, but no others, having the same value for these properties as the original dateTime or date object. The · lexical space · of date consists of finite-length sequences of characters of the form: '-'? yyyy '-' mm '-' dd zzzzzz? where the date and optional timezone are represented exactly the same way as they are for dateTime.

The first moment of the interval is that represented by: '-' yyyy '-' mm '-' dd 'T' zzzzzz? and the least upper bound of the interval is the timeline point represented noncanonically by: '-' yyyy '-' mm '-' dd 'T' zzzzzz? Given a member of the date · value space · , the date portion of the canonical representation the entire representation for nontimezoned values, and all but the timezone representation for timezoned values is always the date portion of the dateTime canonical representation of the interval midpoint the dateTime representation, truncated on the right to eliminate 'T' and all following characters.

For timezoned values, append the canonical representation of the · recoverable timezone ·. The · value space · of gYearMonth is the set of Gregorian calendar months as defined in § 5.

Specifically, it is a set of one-month long, non-periodic instances e. Since the lexical representation allows an optional time zone indicator, gYearMonth values are partially ordered because it may not be possible to unequivocally determine the order of two values one of which has a time zone and the other does not.

If gYearMonth values are considered as periods of time, the order relation on gYearMonth values is the order relation on their starting instants.

This is discussed in Order relation on dateTime §3. Pairs of gYearMonth values with or without time zone indicators are totally ordered. The lexical representation for gYearMonth is the reduced right truncated lexical representation for dateTime : CCYY-MM.

No left truncation is allowed. An optional following time zone qualifier is allowed. To accommodate year values outside the range from to , additional digits can be added to the left of this representation and a preceding "-" sign is allowed. For example, to indicate the month of May , one would write: gYearMonth has the following · constraining facets · :. The · value space · of gYear is the set of Gregorian calendar years as defined in § 5.

Specifically, it is a set of one-year long, non-periodic instances e. lexical to represent the whole year , independent of how many months and days this year has. Since the lexical representation allows an optional time zone indicator, gYear values are partially ordered because it may not be possible to unequivocally determine the order of two values one of which has a time zone and the other does not.

If gYear values are considered as periods of time, the order relation on gYear values is the order relation on their starting instants. Pairs of gYear values with or without time zone indicators are totally ordered. The lexical representation for gYear is the reduced right truncated lexical representation for dateTime : CCYY. An optional following time zone qualifier is allowed as for dateTime.

For example, to indicate , one would write: gYear has the following · constraining facets · :. Arbitrary recurring dates are not supported by this datatype. The · value space · of gMonthDay is the set of calendar dates , as defined in § 3 of [ISO ]. Specifically, it is a set of one-day long, annually periodic instances. Since the lexical representation allows an optional time zone indicator, gMonthDay values are partially ordered because it may not be possible to unequivocally determine the order of two values one of which has a time zone and the other does not.

If gMonthDay values are considered as periods of time, in an arbitrary leap year, the order relation on gMonthDay values is the order relation on their starting instants. Pairs of gMonthDay values with or without time zone indicators are totally ordered.

The lexical representation for gMonthDay is the left truncated lexical representation for date : --MM-DD. An optional following time zone qualifier is allowed as for date. No preceding sign is allowed. No other formats are allowed. This datatype can be used to represent a specific day in a month. To say, for example, that my birthday occurs on the 14th of September ever year. gMonthDay has the following · constraining facets · :.

Arbitrary recurring days are not supported by this datatype. The · value space · of gDay is the space of a set of calendar dates as defined in § 3 of [ISO ]. Specifically, it is a set of one-day long, monthly periodic instances. This datatype can be used to represent a specific day of the month. To say, for example, that I get my paycheck on the 15th of each month. Since the lexical representation allows an optional time zone indicator, gDay values are partially ordered because it may not be possible to unequivocally determine the order of two values one of which has a time zone and the other does not.

If gDay values are considered as periods of time, in an arbitrary month that has 31 days, the order relation on gDay values is the order relation on their starting instants. Pairs of gDay values with or without time zone indicators are totally ordered. The lexical representation for gDay is the left truncated lexical representation for date : DD.

gDay has the following · constraining facets · :. The · value space · of gMonth is the space of a set of calendar months as defined in § 3 of [ISO ].

Specifically, it is a set of one-month long, yearly periodic instances. This datatype can be used to represent a specific month.

To say, for example, that Thanksgiving falls in the month of November. Since the lexical representation allows an optional time zone indicator, gMonth values are partially ordered because it may not be possible to unequivocally determine the order of two values one of which has a time zone and the other does not. If gMonth values are considered as periods of time, the order relation on gMonth is the order relation on their starting instants.

Pairs of gMonth values with or without time zone indicators are totally ordered. The lexical representation for gMonth is the left and right truncated lexical representation for date : --MM. gMonth has the following · constraining facets · :. The · value space · of hexBinary is the set of finite-length sequences of binary octets. hexBinary has a lexical representation where each binary octet is encoded as a character tuple, consisting of two hexadecimal digits [a-fA-F] representing the octet code.

For example, "0FB7" is a hex encoding for the bit integer whose binary representation is The canonical representation for hexBinary is defined by prohibiting certain options from the Lexical Representation §3. Specifically, the lower case hexadecimal digits [a-f] are not allowed. hexBinary has the following · constraining facets · :. The · value space · of base64Binary is the set of finite-length sequences of binary octets.

For base64Binary data the entire binary stream is encoded using the Base64 Alphabet in [RFC ]. The lexical forms of base64Binary values are limited to the 65 characters of the Base64 Alphabet defined in [RFC ] , i. No other characters are allowed. For compatibility with older mail gateways, [RFC ] suggests that base64 data should have lines limited to at most 76 characters in length.

This line-length limitation is not mandated in the lexical forms of base64Binary data and must not be enforced by XML Schema processors. The lexical space of base64Binary is given by the following grammar the notation is that used in [XML 1. Note that this grammar requires the number of non-whitespace characters in the lexical form to be a multiple of four, and for equals signs to appear only at the end of the lexical form; strings which do not meet these constraints are not legal lexical forms of base64Binary because they cannot successfully be decoded by base64 decoders.

The canonical lexical form of a base64Binary data value is the base64 encoding of the value which matches the Canonical-base64Binary production in the following grammar:. The length of a base64Binary value is the number of octets it contains. This may be calculated from the lexical form by removing whitespace and padding characters and performing the calculation shown in the pseudo-code below:.

Note on encoding: [RFC ] explicitly references US-ASCII encoding. However, decoding of base64Binary data in an XML entity is to be performed on the Unicode characters obtained after character encoding processing as specified by [XML 1.

base64Binary has the following · constraining facets · :. An anyURI value can be absolute or relative, and may have an optional fragment identifier i. This type should be used to specify the intention that the value fulfills the role of a URI as defined by [RFC ] , as amended by [RFC ]. The mapping from anyURI values to URIs is as defined by the URI reference escaping procedure defined in Section 5. This means that a wide range of internationalized resource identifiers can be specified when an anyURI is called for, and still be understood as URIs per [RFC ] , as amended by [RFC ] , where appropriate to identify resources.

The · lexical space · of anyURI is finite-length character sequences which, when the algorithm defined in Section 5. anyURI has the following · constraining facets · :. The · value space · of QName is the set of tuples { namespace name , local part }, where namespace name is an anyURI and local part is an NCName.

The · lexical space · of QName is the set of strings that · match · the QName production of [Namespaces in XML]. QName has the following · constraining facets · :. The use of · length · , · minLength · and · maxLength · on datatypes · derived · from QName is deprecated. Future versions of this specification may remove these facets for this datatype.

The · value space · of NOTATION is the set of QName s of notations declared in the current schema. The · lexical space · of NOTATION is the set of all names of notations declared in the current schema in the form of QName s.

For compatibility see Terminology §1. NOTATION has the following · constraining facets · :. The use of · length · , · minLength · and · maxLength · on datatypes · derived · from NOTATION is deprecated. This section gives conceptual definitions for all · built-in · · derived · datatypes defined by this specification.

The XML representation used to define · derived · datatypes whether · built-in · or · user-derived · is given in section XML Representation of Simple Type Definition Schema Components §4. The · value space · of normalizedString is the set of strings that do not contain the carriage return xD , line feed xA nor tab x9 characters.

The · lexical space · of normalizedString is the set of strings that do not contain the carriage return xD , line feed xA nor tab x9 characters. The · base type · of normalizedString is string. normalizedString has the following · constraining facets · :. The following · built-in · datatypes are · derived · from normalizedString :. The · value space · of token is the set of strings that do not contain the carriage return xD , line feed xA nor tab x9 characters, that have no leading or trailing spaces x20 and that have no internal sequences of two or more spaces.

The · lexical space · of token is the set of strings that do not contain the carriage return xD , line feed xA nor tab x9 characters, that have no leading or trailing spaces x20 and that have no internal sequences of two or more spaces. The · base type · of token is normalizedString. token has the following · constraining facets · :.

The following · built-in · datatypes are · derived · from token :. The · value space · of language is the set of all strings that are valid language identifiers as defined [RFC ].

The · base type · of language is token. language has the following · constraining facets · :. The · value space · of NMTOKEN is the set of tokens that · match · the Nmtoken production in [XML 1. The · lexical space · of NMTOKEN is the set of strings that · match · the Nmtoken production in [XML 1. The · base type · of NMTOKEN is token.

NMTOKEN has the following · constraining facets · :. The following · built-in · datatypes are · derived · from NMTOKEN :. The · value space · of NMTOKENS is the set of finite, non-zero-length sequences of · NMTOKEN · s. The · lexical space · of NMTOKENS is the set of space-separated lists of tokens, of which each token is in the · lexical space · of NMTOKEN.

The · itemType · of NMTOKENS is NMTOKEN. NMTOKENS has the following · constraining facets · :. The · value space · of Name is the set of all strings which · match · the Name production of [XML 1.

The · lexical space · of Name is the set of all strings which · match · the Name production of [XML 1. The · base type · of Name is token. Name has the following · constraining facets · :. The following · built-in · datatypes are · derived · from Name :. The · value space · of NCName is the set of all strings which · match · the NCName production of [Namespaces in XML]. The · lexical space · of NCName is the set of all strings which · match · the NCName production of [Namespaces in XML].

The · base type · of NCName is Name. NCName has the following · constraining facets · :. The following · built-in · datatypes are · derived · from NCName :. The · value space · of ID is the set of all strings that · match · the NCName production in [Namespaces in XML]. The · lexical space · of ID is the set of all strings that · match · the NCName production in [Namespaces in XML].

The · base type · of ID is NCName. ID has the following · constraining facets · :. The · value space · of IDREF is the set of all strings that · match · the NCName production in [Namespaces in XML]. The · lexical space · of IDREF is the set of strings that · match · the NCName production in [Namespaces in XML]. The · base type · of IDREF is NCName. IDREF has the following · constraining facets · :.

The following · built-in · datatypes are · derived · from IDREF :. The · value space · of IDREFS is the set of finite, non-zero-length sequences of IDREF s. The · lexical space · of IDREFS is the set of space-separated lists of tokens, of which each token is in the · lexical space · of IDREF.

The · itemType · of IDREFS is IDREF. IDREFS has the following · constraining facets · :. The · value space · of ENTITY is the set of all strings that · match · the NCName production in [Namespaces in XML] and have been declared as an unparsed entity in a document type definition. The · lexical space · of ENTITY is the set of all strings that · match · the NCName production in [Namespaces in XML].

The · base type · of ENTITY is NCName. ENTITY has the following · constraining facets · :. The following · built-in · datatypes are · derived · from ENTITY :.

The · value space · of ENTITIES is the set of finite, non-zero-length sequences of · ENTITY · s that have been declared as unparsed entities in a document type definition.

The · lexical space · of ENTITIES is the set of space-separated lists of tokens, of which each token is in the · lexical space · of ENTITY. The · itemType · of ENTITIES is ENTITY. ENTITIES has the following · constraining facets · :. This results in the standard mathematical concept of the integer numbers.

The · value space · of integer is the infinite set { The · base type · of integer is decimal. integer has a lexical representation consisting of a finite-length sequence of decimal digits x x39 with an optional leading sign. The canonical representation for integer is defined by prohibiting certain options from the Lexical representation §3.

integer has the following · constraining facets · :. The following · built-in · datatypes are · derived · from integer :. This results in the standard mathematical concept of the non-positive integers. The · value space · of nonPositiveInteger is the infinite set { The · base type · of nonPositiveInteger is integer. nonPositiveInteger has a lexical representation consisting of an optional preceding sign followed by a finite-length sequence of decimal digits x x For example: -1, 0, , The canonical representation for nonPositiveInteger is defined by prohibiting certain options from the Lexical representation §3.

In the canonical form for zero, the sign must be omitted. Leading zeroes are prohibited. nonPositiveInteger has the following · constraining facets · :.

The following · built-in · datatypes are · derived · from nonPositiveInteger :. This results in the standard mathematical concept of the negative integers. The · value space · of negativeInteger is the infinite set { The · base type · of negativeInteger is nonPositiveInteger.

negativeInteger has a lexical representation consisting of a negative sign "-" followed by a finite-length sequence of decimal digits x x For example: -1, , The canonical representation for negativeInteger is defined by prohibiting certain options from the Lexical representation §3.

Specifically, leading zeroes are prohibited. negativeInteger has the following · constraining facets · :. The · base type · of long is integer. long has a lexical representation consisting of an optional sign followed by a finite-length sequence of decimal digits x x The canonical representation for long is defined by prohibiting certain options from the Lexical representation §3. long has the following · constraining facets · :. The following · built-in · datatypes are · derived · from long :.

The · base type · of int is long. int has a lexical representation consisting of an optional sign followed by a finite-length sequence of decimal digits x x The canonical representation for int is defined by prohibiting certain options from the Lexical representation §3. int has the following · constraining facets · :. The following · built-in · datatypes are · derived · from int :. The · base type · of short is int. short has a lexical representation consisting of an optional sign followed by a finite-length sequence of decimal digits x x The canonical representation for short is defined by prohibiting certain options from the Lexical representation §3.

short has the following · constraining facets · :. The following · built-in · datatypes are · derived · from short :. a blade 10 cm long. grew from 1 in to 2 in grew from 1 inch to 2 inches grew from one to two inches. foot-pound foot pound. Ratios, rates, densities. kilo pascal kilo-pascal. Mixed units. a wall 1 ft 1 in thick a wall 1 foot 1 inch thick a man 6 feet 2 inches tall a 6-foot 2-inch man a 6 ft 2 in man. Length, speed. in ft. knot knot indicated airspeed knot calibrated airspeed knot equivalent airspeed knot true airspeed knot groundspeed.

kn not kt , Kt , or kN KIAS or kn KCAS KEAS KTAS kn not KGS. mi mph nmi or NM not nm or M. Volume, flow. cubic centimetre cubic centimeter US. imperial fluid ounce imperial pint imperial quart imperial gallon US fluid ounce US dry pint US liquid pint US dry quart US liquid quart US gallon. imp fl oz imp pt imp qt imp gal US fl oz US dry pt US liq pt US dry qt US liq qt US gal. Mass, weight, force, density, pressure.

long ton short ton. tonne metric ton US. oz or oz avdp lb or lb avdp. s min h. Information, data. calorie small calorie gram calorie. kilocalorie large calorie kilogram calorie not Calorie — can be ambiguous. For the WikiProject focusing on articles about currencies, see Wikipedia:WikiProject Numismatics. For the policy on paid editing, see Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure.

Quick how to v t e. Degrees, minutes and seconds, when used, must each be separated by a pipe " ". Map datum must be WGS84 if possible except for off-Earth bodies. Avoid excessive precision 0.

This template may also be placed within an infobox , instead of at the bottom of an article. Additional guidance is available at obtaining coordinates and converting coordinates. Only certain citation styles use abbreviated date formats.

By default, Wikipedia does not abbreviate dates. Use a consistent citation style within any one article. Also, technically all years must have only four digits, but Wikipedia is unlikely to ever need to format a date beyond the year This change was made August 24, , on the basis of this archived discussion.

In contrast, there is no common usage in which represents anything other than April 3. If consensus cannot be reached, refer to historically stable versions of the article and retain the units used in these as the primary units. Also note the style guides of British publications e. The Times , under "Metric". mega- and kilo- , meaning 2 20 and 2 10 respectively and their unit symbols e.

MB and KB for RAM and decimal prefixes for most other uses. Despite the IEC's international standard creating several new binary prefixes e. mebi-, kibi-, etc. to distinguish the meaning of the decimal SI prefixes e.

over use of unambiguous IEC binary prefixes. American National Biography. Oxford University Press. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures.

June 2, Retrieved October 5, This coordination began on January 1, , and the resulting time scale began to be called informally 'Coordinated Universal Time. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. US National Institute of Standards and Technology. June 25, Retrieved December 12, SI Brochure: The International System of Units SI PDF 9th ed.

Retrieved Table 8, p , gives additional guidance on non-SI units. European Union. IAU Style Manual PDF. International Astronomical Union.

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Overview Contents Tips. A comma doesn't follow the year unless otherwise required by context: On 5 May the act became law. September 2, Sep 2, A comma follows the year unless other punctuation obviates it : The weather on March 12, , was clear and warm.

Omit year only where there is no risk of ambiguity: The London Olympics ran from 25 July to 12 September. September 2. Sep 2. No equivalent for general use. Use yyyy - mm - dd format only with Gregorian dates from onward. September Sep Sep 2 [b].

Do not add a dot to an abbreviated month or to the day-of-month. Do not use ordinals 1st , 2nd , 3rd , etc. except in all-numeric yyyy - mm - dd format , where both month and day should be zero-padded to two digits. Do not use dd - mm - yyyy , mm - dd - yyyy or yyyy - dd - mm formats. July July , July 3 July 3 , the ' 97 elections the 97 elections. the elections. Copyright MMII. Copyright This strategy can be applied everywhere regardless of trading amount or market. First, you must study the trading graph and pattern of lines.

You must have observed that they usually go in a zigzag manner. This might seem like an easy job, but it requires practice. First, it is better to get familiar with trading graphs and their trend on demo trading apps before trading your money in a real-time market.

To apply this strategy, you must study the chart and see the movement of lines. If the line is going up, the prices are increasing and vice-versa. If the line is horizontally straight, then find some other option to trade your money. It is essential to have practical knowledge, practice on the demo trading sites and get a clear-cut idea. The use of this strategy must be done in combination with the news strategy.

First, you must know the nature of the market you are trading in. Then, after knowing about the ongoing trend, you can start using this strategy. This is a strong strategy that increases the chances of right predictions and winning.

The rainbow strategy is a pattern that includes the usage of various averages in actions with varied periods. Each of these periods is identified with a different color. The moving averages are used to recognize the price changes. Moving averages with many periods react slowly to price changes and moving averages with few periods react quickly. If you observe a strong movement in the asset chart, the moving averages are most likely to move from a slow to a fast direction in real-time trends.

The average that moves the fastest will be placed closest to the asset price, the second closest will be the second fastest, and the third closest to the price will be the third-fastest moving average, and so on.

When you observe that the numerous moving averages are placed in the pattern as discussed above, you can say a durable movement in price in a determined direction. Therefore, when you encounter such a pattern and trend, trade your money right away as this is a favorable time.

You can choose how many averages you would like to use. Most good traders use three moving averages. If the moving averages are positioned so that the shortest line is above the medium moving average and the longest is below the medium line or moving average.

You must trade on the asset prices falling. It depends on you to determine the number of moving averages in a period. Therefore, it is recommended to use a duplex of periods you used previously in each moving average.

This change in the number of periods used in different moving averages will give you reliable ratios, which will, in turn, provide you with precise signals. Steve Nison introduced the binary candlestick formation strategy in one of his books in the year A good trader must know how to read asset charts. Once you understand its patterns and movements, it will be easy for you to predict the next move of the asset in the charts.

For example, there is a pattern formation in the asset charts called the candlestick formation. The patterns formed by the lines going up and down appear like candlesticks. The top line is the highest price called the mountain, and the bottom line is the lowest, called a valley. There is no one specific formation in this strategy, but there are a few that you must learn to identify and read to trade better.

To apply this strategy, you must observe the chart and pattern of prices for a while. You will notice some repeated pattern formation. Then you can use your knowledge and experience to predict whether the line will go up or fall. Yes, this strategy works that quickly. It is fast and effective. Being a trader of binary options trading, you must be aware that the trading market is not random in the short term. One more benefit of this strategy is that it saves you a good amount of time.

If you play in 5 minutes, you can make more trades per day. However, such short-term binary option trading strategies are required risk management and technical analysis. So, the money flow index strategy is time-saving but also includes lots of risks. To master this strategy and make money every 5 minutes with Binary Options , you must learn technical analysis. This will help you in understanding whether the other traders are selling or buying.

Once you understand this, it will be effortless to use the MFI strategy with the money flow index indicator. MFI index indicator — the indicator tells you the ratio of the asset sold to the number of the asset purchased. The value is generally between Now that you understand the relationship between the ratio of the MFI indicator and the traders planning on buying or selling the asset, it will be easy for you to choose one option and secure your money.

In addition, you can easily estimate the asset price movement after understanding the demand and the supply. In simpler words, if the number of traders buying an asset is much greater than the number of traders selling the same asset.

There will be fewer traders to force the price of assets upwards. As a result, the demand and price will both go down. In the same way, if the number of traders selling an asset is greater than the number of traders buying it, the supply will diminish, and prices will increase.

Mentioned below are the ways you can use the MFL index for your next accurate prediction:. This strategy works best for a short period. Traders usually use this strategy to play 5 minutes bets. In the long run, it is tough to predict the process through this strategy as it goes to extremes. So, avoid using this strategy for your long-term trades. This is a popular strategy among binary options traders.

As the name suggests, this strategy uses the movement of asset prices in the last twenty days. Then use this data to predict the next hit; it might be a high or low.

This strategy provides you with two signals:.

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Avoid excessive precision. Before we click the Start button, lets look at the other tabs on the Tester. News Trading Rainbow Strategy. Then, get into action and start making money today! Back in the day, there were a lot of scammers in this market by using fake websites or fake price charts to steal the money of beginners. June 2, The · lexical space · of NOTATION is the set of all names of notations declared in the current schema in the form of QName s.

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