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For example:. in , preferably in a company-specific menu to make merges with future Buildroot versions easier. If using a br2-external tree, refer to Section 9. Earlier in this chapter, the different methods for making project-specific customizations have been described.

This section will now summarize all this by providing step-by-step instructions to storing your project-specific customizations. Clearly, the steps that are not relevant to your project can be skipped. config as far as they are relevant :. This chapter discusses how various things are integrated at system level. Buildroot is highly configurable, almost everything discussed here can be changed or overridden by rootfs overlay or custom skeleton configuration.

Systemd requires a DBus daemon. At least one of them must be chosen. If both are included in the configuration, dbus-broker will be used as system bus, but the traditional dbus-daemon is still installed as well and can be used as session bus.

Also its tools e. dbus-send can be used systemd itself has busctl as an alternative. In addition, the traditional dbus package is the only one that provides libdbus , which is used by many packages as dbus integration library. Both in the dbus and in the dbus-broker case, the daemon runs as user dbus. The DBus configuration files are also identical for both. To make sure that only one of the two daemons is started as system bus, the systemd activation files of the dbus package dbus.

socket and the dbus. service symlink in multi-user. wants are removed when dbus-broker is selected. SELinux is a Linux kernel security module enforcing access control policies. In addition to the traditional file permissions and access control lists, SELinux allows to write rules for users or processes to access specific functions of resources files, sockets…. To have proper support for SELinux in a Buildroot generated system, the following configuration options must be enabled:.

The SELinux refpolicy contains modules that can be enabled or disabled when being built. Each module provide a number of SELinux rules. In Buildroot the non-base modules are disabled by default and several ways to enable such modules are provided:. Buildroot also allows to completely override the refpolicy.

This allows to provide a full custom policy designed specifically for a given system. When going this way, all of the above mechanisms are disabled: no extra SElinux module is added to the policy, and all the available modules within the custom policy are enabled and built into the final binary policy.

The custom policy must be a fork of the official refpolicy. In order to fully override the refpolicy the following configuration variables have to be set:. If the boot process seems to hang after the following messages messages not necessarily exactly similar, depending on the list of packages selected :.

In order to have the system start a shell on your serial console, you have to go into the Buildroot configuration, in System configuration , modify Run a getty login prompt after boot and set the appropriate port and baud rate in the getty options submenu. It has been decided that support for the native compiler on the target would be stopped from the Buildroot If you need a compiler on your target anyway, then Buildroot is not suitable for your purpose.

In such case, you need a real distribution and you should opt for something like:. Since there is no compiler available on the target see Section Because Buildroot mostly targets small or very small target hardware with limited resource onboard CPU, ram, mass-storage , it does not make sense to waste space with the documentation data. If you need documentation data on your target anyway, then Buildroot is not suitable for your purpose, and you should look for a real distribution see: Section To know more about the dependencies of a package, search for the package symbol in the config menu see Section 8.

Then, you may have to recursively enable several options which correspond to the unmet dependencies to finally be able to select the package.

If the package is not visible due to some unmet toolchain options, then you should certainly run a full rebuild see Section 8.

There are plenty of reasons to not use the target directory a chroot one, among these:. For these reasons, commands run through chroot, using the target directory as the new root, will most likely fail.

One feature that is often discussed on the Buildroot list is the general topic of "package management". To summarize, the idea would be to add some tracking of which Buildroot package installs what files, with the goals of:.

In general, most people think it is easy to do: just track which package installed what and remove it when the package is unselected. However, it is much more complicated than that:. For all these reasons, the conclusion is that adding tracking of installed files to remove them when the package is unselected, or to generate a repository of binary packages, is something that is very hard to achieve reliably and will add a lot of complexity.

Since Buildroot often involves doing full rebuilds of the entire system that can be quite long, we provide below a number of tips to help reduce the build time:. All of the end products of Buildroot toolchain, root filesystem, kernel, bootloaders contain open source software, released under various licenses. Using open source software gives you the freedom to build rich embedded systems, choosing from a wide range of packages, but also imposes some obligations that you must know and honour.

Some licenses require you to publish the license text in the documentation of your product. Others require you to redistribute the source code of the software to those that receive your product. The exact requirements of each license are documented in each package, and it is your responsibility or that of your legal office to comply with those requirements. To make this easier for you, Buildroot can collect for you some material you will probably need.

To produce this material, after you have configured Buildroot with make menuconfig , make xconfig or make gconfig , run:. There you will find:. Please note that the aim of the legal-info feature of Buildroot is to produce all the material that is somehow relevant for legal compliance with the package licenses. Buildroot does not try to produce the exact material that you must somehow make public.

Certainly, more material is produced than is needed for a strict legal compliance. For example, it produces the source code for packages released under BSD-like licenses, that you are not required to redistribute in source form.

Moreover, due to technical limitations, Buildroot does not produce some material that you will or may need, such as the toolchain source code for some of the external toolchains and the Buildroot source code itself. When you run make legal-info , Buildroot produces warnings in the README file to inform you of relevant material that could not be saved.

Finally, keep in mind that the output of make legal-info is based on declarative statements in each of the packages recipes. The Buildroot developers try to do their best to keep those declarative statements as accurate as possible, to the best of their knowledge. However, it is very well possible that those declarative statements are not all fully accurate nor exhaustive. You or your legal department have to check the output of make legal-info before using it as your own compliance delivery.

See the NO WARRANTY clauses clauses 11 and 12 in the COPYING file at the root of the Buildroot distribution. Buildroot itself is an open source software, released under the GNU General Public License, version 2 or at your option any later version, with the exception of the package patches detailed below. However, being a build system, it is not normally part of the end product: if you develop the root filesystem, kernel, bootloader or toolchain for a device, the code of Buildroot is only present on the development machine, not in the device storage.

Nevertheless, the general view of the Buildroot developers is that you should release the Buildroot source code along with the source code of other packages when releasing a product that contains GPL-licensed software. This is because the GNU GPL defines the " complete source code " for an executable work as " all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable ".

Buildroot is part of the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable , and as such it is considered part of the material that must be redistributed. Keep in mind that this is only the Buildroot developers' opinion, and you should consult your legal department or lawyer in case of any doubt.

Buildroot also bundles patch files, which are applied to the sources of the various packages. Those patches are not covered by the license of Buildroot. Instead, they are covered by the license of the software to which the patches are applied.

When said software is available under multiple licenses, the Buildroot patches are only provided under the publicly accessible licenses. See Chapter 19, Patching a package for the technical details. To achieve NFS-boot, enable tar root filesystem in the Filesystem images menu. To build a live CD image, enable the iso image option in the Filesystem images menu. Note that this option is only available on the x86 and x architectures, and if you are building your kernel with Buildroot.

You can build a live CD image with either IsoLinux, Grub or Grub 2 as a bootloader, but only Isolinux supports making this image usable both as a live CD and live USB through the Build hybrid image option. As mentioned above, Buildroot is basically a set of Makefiles that download, configure, and compile software with the correct options.

It also includes patches for various software packages - mainly the ones involved in the cross-compilation toolchain gcc , binutils and uClibc. There is basically one Makefile per software package, and they are named with the. mk extension. Makefiles are split into many different parts. Overall, these coding style rules are here to help you to add new files in Buildroot or refactor existing ones.

If you slightly modify some existing file, the important thing is to keep the consistency of the whole file, so you can:. in files contain entries for almost anything configurable in Buildroot. The Config. in files are the input for the configuration tool used in Buildroot, which is the regular Kconfig. Header: The file starts with a header. It contains the module name, preferably in lowercase, enclosed between separators made of 80 hashes. A blank line is mandatory after the header:.

Note that commands inside a define block should always start with a tab, so make recognizes them as commands. cfg files contain the output image layout that genimage utility uses to create final. img file. The genimage. cfg files are the input for the genimage tool used in Buildroot to generate the final image file i. The documentation uses the asciidoc format. Buildroot contains basic configurations for several publicly available hardware boards, so that users of such a board can easily build a system that is known to work.

You are welcome to add support for other boards to Buildroot too. To do so, you need to create a normal Buildroot configuration that builds a basic system for the hardware: internal toolchain, kernel, bootloader, filesystem and a simple BusyBox-only userspace. No specific package should be selected: the configuration should be as minimal as possible, and should only build a working basic BusyBox system for the target platform. You can of course use more complicated configurations for your internal projects, but the Buildroot project will only integrate basic board configurations.

This is because package selections are highly application-specific. Once you have a known working configuration, run make savedefconfig. This will generate a minimal defconfig file at the root of the Buildroot source tree. If the configuration is a bit more complicated, it is nice to manually reformat it and separate it into sections, with a comment before each section.

Typical sections are Architecture , Toolchain options typically just linux headers version , Firmware , Bootloader , Kernel , and Filesystem. Always use fixed versions or commit hashes for the different components, not the "latest" version. It is recommended to use as much as possible upstream versions of the Linux kernel and bootloaders, and to use as much as possible default kernel and bootloader configurations.

If they are incorrect for your board, or no default exists, we encourage you to send fixes to the corresponding upstream projects. However, in the mean time, you may want to store kernel or bootloader configuration or patches specific to your target platform.

You can then store your patches and configurations in these directories, and reference them from the main Buildroot configuration. Refer to Chapter 9, Project-specific customization for more details. Before submitting patches for new boards it is recommended to test it by building it using latest gitlab-CI docker container. This section covers how new packages userspace libraries or applications can be integrated into Buildroot.

It also shows how existing packages are integrated, which is needed for fixing issues or tuning their configuration. When you add a new package, be sure to test it in various conditions see Section First of all, create a directory under the package directory for your software, for example libfoo.

Some packages have been grouped by topic in a sub-directory: x11r7 , qt5 and gstreamer. If your package fits in one of these categories, then create your package directory in these.

New subdirectories are discouraged, however. For the package to be displayed in the configuration tool, you need to create a Config file in your package directory. There are two types: Config. in and Config. For packages used on the target, create a file named Config. This file will contain the option descriptions related to our libfoo software that will be used and displayed in the configuration tool. It should basically contain:. The bool line, help line and other metadata information about the configuration option must be indented with one tab.

The help text itself should be indented with one tab and two spaces, lines should be wrapped to fit 72 columns, where tab counts for 8, so 62 characters in the text itself. The help text must mention the upstream URL of the project after an empty line. You can look at examples in other packages. The syntax of the Config. in file is the same as the one for the kernel Kconfig file. in or in a category subdirectory if you decided to put your package in one of the existing categories.

The files included there are sorted alphabetically per category and are NOT supposed to contain anything but the bare name of the package. The host package should be explicitly selectable by the user from the configuration menu.

In this case, create a Config. host file for that host package:. The same coding style and options as for the Config. in file are valid. The files included there are sorted alphabetically and are NOT supposed to contain anything but the bare name of the package.

The host package will then be available from the Host utilities menu. in file of your package must also ensure that dependencies are enabled. Typically, Buildroot uses the following rules:. The current problem with the kconfig language is that these two dependency semantics are not internally linked. An example illustrates both the usage of select and depends on. Overall, for package library dependencies, select should be preferred.

Note that such dependencies will ensure that the dependency option is also enabled, but not necessarily built before your package. To do so, the dependency also needs to be expressed in the. mk file of the package. Further formatting details: see the coding style. Some packages can only be built on certain target architectures, or if an MMU is available in the processor.

These dependencies have to be expressed with the appropriate depends on statements in the Config. in file. Additionally, for dependencies on toolchain options, a comment should be displayed when the option is not enabled, so that the user knows why the package is not available.

Dependencies on target architecture or MMU support should not be made visible in a comment: since it is unlikely that the user can freely choose another target, it makes little sense to show these dependencies explicitly.

The comment should only be visible if the config option itself would be visible when the toolchain option dependencies are met. This means that all other dependencies of the package including dependencies on target architecture and MMU support have to be repeated on the comment definition.

To keep it clear, the depends on statement for these non-toolchain option should be kept separate from the depends on statement for the toolchain options. If there is a dependency on a config option in that same file typically the main package it is preferable to have a global if … endif construct rather than repeating the depends on statement on the comment and other config options.

The rest of this section enumerates the different target and toolchain options, the corresponding config symbols to depend on, and the text to use in the comment. They are available in variants operating on 1 byte, 2 bytes, 4 bytes and 8 bytes. Since different architectures support atomic operations on different sizes, one dependency symbol is available for each size:. Some packages need a Linux kernel to be built by buildroot.

These are typically kernel modules or firmware. A comment should be added in the Config. in file to express this dependency, similar to dependencies on toolchain options. The general format is:. Create a file named libfoo. It describes how the package should be downloaded, configured, built, installed, etc. Depending on the package type, the. mk file must be written in a different way, using different infrastructures:.

Further formatting details: see the writing rules. When possible, you must add a third file, named libfoo. hash , that contains the hashes of the downloaded files for the libfoo package. The only reason for not adding a. hash file is when hash checking is not possible due to how the package is downloaded. When a package has a version selection choice, then the hash file may be stored in a subdirectory named after the version, e.

This is especially important if the different versions have different licensing terms, but they are stored in the same file. The hashes stored in that file are used to validate the integrity of the downloaded files and of the license files. The format of this file is one line for each file for which to check the hash, each line with the following three fields separated by two spaces:.

Lines starting with a sign are considered comments, and ignored. Empty lines are ignored. There can be more than one hash for a single file, each on its own line. In this case, all hashes must match. Ideally, the hashes stored in this file should match the hashes published by upstream, e. on their website, in the e-mail announcement… If upstream provides more than one type of hash e.

sha1 and sha , then it is best to add all those hashes in the. hash file. If upstream does not provide any hash, or only provides an md5 hash, then compute at least one strong hash yourself preferably sha , but not md5 , and mention this in a comment line above the hashes. The hashes for license files are used to detect a license change when a package version is bumped.

The hashes are checked during the make legal-info target run. The example below defines a sha1 and a sha published by upstream for the main libfoo bz2 tarball, an md5 from upstream and a locally-computed sha hashes for a binary blob, a sha for a downloaded patch, and an archive with no hash:.

If the. hash file is present, and it contains one or more hashes for a downloaded file, the hash es computed by Buildroot after download must match the hash es stored in the. If one or more hashes do not match, Buildroot considers this an error, deletes the downloaded file, and aborts. hash file is present, but it does not contain a hash for a downloaded file, Buildroot considers this an error and aborts.

However, the downloaded file is left in the download directory since this typically indicates that the. hash file is wrong but the downloaded file is probably OK. Hashes are not checked for other version control systems such as Subversion, CVS, etc. because Buildroot currently does not generate reproducible tarballs when source code is fetched from such version control systems.

Hashes should only be added in. hash files for files that are guaranteed to be stable. For example, patches auto-generated by Github are not guaranteed to be stable, and therefore their hashes can change over time. Such patches should not be downloaded, and instead be added locally to the package folder.

Packages that provide a system daemon usually need to be started somehow at boot. Buildroot comes with support for several init systems, some are considered tier one see Section 6. An annotated example of this style is shown below. There is no specific coding style for systemd unit files, but if a package comes with its own unit file, that is preferred over a buildroot specific one, if it is compatible with buildroot.

The name of the start script is composed of the SNN and the daemon name. The NN is the start order number which needs to be carefully chosen. For example, a program that requires networking to be up should not start before S40network. The scripts are started in alphabetical order, so S01syslogd starts before S01watchdogd , and S02sysctl start thereafter.

Note: programs that support reloading their configuration in some fashion SIGHUP should provide a reload function similar to stop.

The start-stop-daemon supports -K -s HUP for this. By packages with specific build systems we mean all the packages whose build system is not one of the standard ones, such as autotools or CMake.

This typically includes packages whose build system is based on hand-written Makefiles or shell scripts. This prefix is always the uppercased version of the package name see below to understand where the package name is defined. On line 12, we specify that this package wants to install something to the staging space. This is often needed for libraries, since they must install header files and other development files in the staging space.

So some sed magic is done to these scripts to make them give correct flags. Example Config script: divine package. Config script: imagemagick package:. On line 14, we specify the list of dependencies this package relies on. These dependencies are listed in terms of lower-case package names, which can be packages for the target without the host- prefix or packages for the host with the host- prefix.

Buildroot will ensure that all these packages are built and installed before the current package starts its configuration. The rest of the Makefile, lines On lines On line Finally, on line 43, we call the generic-package function, which generates, according to the variables defined previously, all the Makefile code necessary to make your package working. There are two variants of the generic target. The generic-package macro is used for packages to be cross-compiled for the target. The host-generic-package macro is used for host packages, natively compiled for the host.

It is possible to call both of them in a single. mk file: once to create the rules to generate a target package and once to create the rules to generate a host package:. This might be useful if the compilation of the target package requires some tools to be installed on the host. If the package name is libfoo , then the name of the package for the target is also libfoo , while the name of the package for the host is host-libfoo. mk file, after all variable definitions.

The call to host-generic-package must be after the call to generic-package , if any. For the target package, the generic-package uses the variables defined by the. This is done for variables that are likely to have the same value for both the target and host packages. See below for details. The list of variables that can be set in a.

mk file to give metadata information is assuming the package name is libfoo :. It can also be a revision number or a tag for packages that are fetched directly from their version control system. This name will appear in the manifest file produced by make legal-info.

If the license appears in the SPDX License List , use the SPDX short identifier to make the manifest file uniform. Otherwise, describe the license in a precise and concise way, avoiding ambiguous names such as BSD which actually name a family of licenses. This variable is optional. If it is not defined, unknown will appear in the license field of the manifest file for this package.

The expected format for this variable must comply with the following rules:. The available variables are:. If any of those variables is defined, then the generic package infrastructure assumes the package provides valid CPE information. Now, the variables that define what should be performed at the different steps of the build process.

Finally, you can also use hooks. mk file for an autotools-based package, with an example :. On line 8 and 9, we declare the name of the tarball xz-ed tarball recommended and the location of the tarball on the Web. Buildroot will automatically download the tarball from this location. On line 10, we tell Buildroot to install the package to the staging directory. By default, packages are not installed to the staging directory, since usually, only libraries need to be installed in the staging directory: their development files are needed to compile other libraries or applications depending on them.

Also by default, when staging installation is enabled, packages are installed in this location using the make install command. On line 11, we tell Buildroot to not install the package to the target directory. This directory contains what will become the root filesystem running on the target. For purely static libraries, it is not necessary to install them in the target directory because they will not be used at runtime.

By default, target installation is enabled; setting this variable to NO is almost never needed. Also by default, packages are installed in this location using the make install command. On line 12, we tell Buildroot to pass a custom configure option, that will be passed to the. On line 13, we declare our dependencies, so that they are built before the build process of our package starts.

Finally, on line line 15, we invoke the autotools-package macro that generates all the Makefile rules that actually allows the package to be built. The main macro of the autotools package infrastructure is autotools-package. It is similar to the generic-package macro. The ability to have target and host packages is also available, with the host-autotools-package macro. Just like the generic infrastructure, the autotools infrastructure works by defining a number of variables before calling the autotools-package macro.

A few additional variables, specific to the autotools infrastructure, can also be defined. Many of them are only useful in very specific cases, typical packages will therefore only use a few of them. With the autotools infrastructure, all the steps required to build and install the packages are already defined, and they generally work well for most autotools-based packages. However, when required, it is still possible to customize what is done in any particular step:.

mk file for a CMake-based package, with an example :. On line 12, we tell Buildroot to pass custom options to CMake when it is configuring the package. Finally, on line line 15, we invoke the cmake-package macro that generates all the Makefile rules that actually allows the package to be built.

The main macro of the CMake package infrastructure is cmake-package. The ability to have target and host packages is also available, with the host-cmake-package macro.

Just like the generic infrastructure, the CMake infrastructure works by defining a number of variables before calling the cmake-package macro. A few additional variables, specific to the CMake infrastructure, can also be defined.

By default, empty. mk file unless you want to override them:. With the CMake infrastructure, all the steps required to build and install the packages are already defined, and they generally work well for most CMake-based packages.

This infrastructure applies to Python packages that use the standard Python setuptools or pep mechanisms as their build system, generally recognizable by the usage of a setup. py script or pyproject.

toml file. mk file for a Python package, with an example :. On line 10 and 11, we give licensing details about the package its license on line 10, and the file containing the license text on line On line 12, we tell Buildroot to pass custom options to the Python setup.

py script when it is configuring the package. On line 14, we declare the specific Python build system being used. In this case the distutils Python build system is used. The four supported ones are distutils , flit , pep and setuptools. Finally, on line 16, we invoke the python-package macro that generates all the Makefile rules that actually allow the package to be built.

Other packages that use the Python build system, but are not Python modules, can freely choose their name existing examples in Buildroot are scons and supervisor. The main macro of the Python package infrastructure is python-package. It is also possible to create Python host packages with the host-python-package macro. Just like the generic infrastructure, the Python infrastructure works by defining a number of variables before calling the python-package or host-python-package macros.

Many of them are only useful in very specific cases, typical packages will therefore only use a few of them, or none. With the Python infrastructure, all the steps required to build and install the packages are already defined, and they generally work well for most Python-based packages.

You can find the list of existing PyPI packages here. Find the external python modules menu and insert your package inside. Keep in mind that the items inside a menu should be in alphabetical order.

Also, please take note that the license and license files are guessed and must be checked. If your Buildroot package is not in the official Buildroot tree but in a br2-external tree, use the -o flag as follows:. C Foreign Function Interface for Python CFFI provides a convenient and reliable way to call compiled C code from Python using interface declarations written in C.

py file. mk file for a LuaRocks-based package, with an example :. On line 7, we declare the version of the package the same as in the rockspec, which is the concatenation of the upstream version and the rockspec revision, separated by a hyphen -.

On line 8, we declare that the package is called "foo" on LuaRocks. In Buildroot, we give Lua-related packages a name that starts with "lua", so the Buildroot name is different from the upstream name. On line 9, we declare our dependencies against native libraries, so that they are built before the build process of our package starts. On lines , we tell Buildroot to pass custom options to LuaRocks when it is building the package. Finally, on line 16, we invoke the luarocks-package macro that generates all the Makefile rules that actually allows the package to be built.

Most of these details can be retrieved from the rock and rockspec. So, this file and the Config. in file can be generated by running the command luarocks buildroot foo lua-foo in the Buildroot directory. This command runs a specific Buildroot addon of luarocks that will automatically generate a Buildroot package.

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Apple News Plus Hundreds of magazines and leading newspapers. Just like the generic infrastructure, the CMake infrastructure works by defining a number of variables before calling the cmake-package macro. Manage all your internet downloads with this easy-to-use manager. There is no specific coding style for systemd unit files, but if a package comes with its own unit file, that is preferred over a buildroot specific one, if it is compatible with buildroot. By default, packages are not installed to the staging directory, since usually, only libraries need to be installed in the staging directory: their development files are needed to compile other libraries or applications depending on them.

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